An opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons that they wish to express. LBJ's executive order-designed to correct the effects of past discrimination; requirement by law that positive steps be taken to increase the number of minorities in business, schools, colleges, and labor, The process of forming the list of matters that policymakers intend to address, A revision/change to a bill, law, or constitution, Friend of the court; interest groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting/rejection arguments of the case, Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution b/c it gave too much power to the national govt at the expense of the state govts and it lacked a bill of rights, On appeal from lower courts-Supreme Court is mostly an appellate court, Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state, Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose, 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade), All the voters of a state/country elect their representative (senate elections are at large on the federal level), 2 chambers; Congress has the Senate and the House of Representatives, Prohibits a person being found guilty of a crime w/o a trial, The first 10 amendments to the Constitution-guarantees liberties to the people-written in 1789-ratified in 1791, Registered voters may vote for candidates from either party on the same primary ballot, Money given to states for general programs within a broad category, Legal document submitted to the court setting forth the facts of a case and supporting a particular position, The returning of a case to a lower court b/c a smiliar case was recently decided, Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson: ended legal segregation, said school regulation is unconstitutional, A systematic way of organizing a complex &large adminstrative structure w/ responsibility for carrying out day-to-day tasks of the organization, departments, &agencies of the govt, The hierarchical structure and standarized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber, Govt depts headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy &operate a specific policy are of govt activity, Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors, Federal grants for specific purposes define by law, Locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political offices, An association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology/regional/ethnic/economic interest, A lower court asks the Supreme Court abt a rule of law/procedure, Each branch of govt is subject to restraints by the other two branches, Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens, Positive acts of govt designed to prevent discrimination &provide equality before the law, Only registered party members may vote in the primary (independents, greens, etc...not allowed), Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate.
The lowest federal courts where federal cases begin.
A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in similar circumstances. hiring government employees on the basis of merit. Jurisdiction conferred by the Constitution on federal courts to hear cases involving citizens of different states.
name for the group of agencies, councils, and staff members which advise the president and help run the federal bureaucracy-was established by an executive order from FDR. Here you find court case briefs relating AP US Government and Politics. AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more! INDEPENDENT agency created in 1964-works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance. Co. v. State Energy Comm’n. While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Ore. Dept. activist approach: Definition. v. Smith. courts, Sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions, Party loyality becomes less important to voters, &they vote for the other party candidate/independent, When a significant # of voters choose to no longer support a particular pol.
Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the annonymity of their sources. XIV, Small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget-making--that th ebest indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase, Tendency of those alrady holding office to win reelection due to advgs b/c they already hold the office, Powers that exist for the national govt b/c the govt is sovereign, Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters, A group of private citizens whose goal is to influence &shape public policy, Agreements btwn states to work together on common issues, Alliance- agencies, interest groups, &congressional committees/subcommittees (also known as sub-governments), Individuals in WA--located w/n interest groups, congressional staff, think tanks, universities, &the media--who regulary discuss &advocate public policies, Committee made up of members of both house of Congress-housekeeping issues decided, The Court should play an active role in determining national policies, Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social &pol. govt; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local govts, Citizens meet and make decisions abt public policy issues, Election within the party to choose their favorite candidate for a particular office, Spending set by the govt through appropriations bills, including operation expenses &salaries of govt employees (defense, environment, education, space exploration), Unfair treatment of a person based on race/group membership, Justice/justices who disagree with the majority opinion, Lowest level of fed. party/group over another, A compaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls, The formal &informal institutions, people, &processes used to create &conduct pulbic policy, Programs, money, &resources provided by the fed. right to be told what you are being held for and shown evidence against you-used in death penalty case appeals. An informal rule of judicial decision making in which judges try to follow precedent in deciding cases. &state govts each ahve defined responsibilities w/n their own sphere of influence; "layer cake" federalism, The necessary &proper clause/Art. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using!
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