Community-based conservation programmes have been initiated in several range countries, which contributed to reduce human-elephant conflict and to increase local people's tolerance towards elephants. Masai elephant or East African bush elephant (L. a. knochenhaueri): Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Angola. The mother expelled the placenta about 100 minutes after birth and covered it with soil immediately. In most cases, the killings of the African bush elephant have occurred near the outskirts of the protected areas. Captive-born calves weigh between 100 and 120 kg (220 and 260 lb) at birth and gain about 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) weight per day. [46], Gestation lasts 22 months. Interval between births was estimated at 3.9 to 4.7 years in Wankie National Park. [11], Skulls of African bush elephant (left) and African forest elephant (right), Skull of a male African bush elephant on display at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Skeleton of a female African bush elephant on display at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, The African bush elephant has grey skin with scanty hairs. Its sturdy tusks are curved out and point forward.
African elephants are the largest terrestrial animals on Earth and are famous for their massive size and intelligent behavior.
[25], The core of elephant society is the family unit, which comprises several adult cows, their daughters of all ages and their sons of prepubertal age. The second molars start protruding at the age of about six months, grow to a size of 4 cm (1.6 in) wide by 7 cm (2.8 in) long and are lost by the age of 6–7 years.
Two genetically different African subspecies exist: the savanna and the forest elephant, with a number of characteristics that differentiate them both. Other names for this animal include the North African forest elephant, Cartha Unlike the African elephants, they have a twin-domed head that bears an indent to the middle. [26][27]
The skin of the Indian elephant is lighter than that of the Sri Lankan elephant but darker than the Sumatran subspecies. [76] Neurotoxins produced by the cyanobacteria caused calves and adult elephants to wander around confused, emaciated and in distress.
Poaching, habitat loss, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, persecution by humans, and road and rail accidents threaten the survival of these elephants. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans", "Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten", "The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant", "Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup", "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants", "General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks". Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Lagomorpha, Tubulidentata, Sirenia, and Cetacea", "Musth and urinary testosterone concentrations in the African elephant (, "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants", "Role of delinquent young 'orphan' male elephants in high mortality of white rhinoceros in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa", "Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa", "Reproduction in the male African elephant in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia", "Reproduction in female African elephant in the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia", "Ovulation, Pregnancy, Placentation and Husbandry in the African Elephant (, "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves", "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana", "The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa", "Using DNA to track the origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 trade ban", "Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)", "Comparative Demography of an At-Risk African Elephant Population", "Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants", "Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa's major poaching hotspots", "Over 500 Rare Vultures Die After Eating Poisoned Elephants in Botswana", "More than 500 endangered vultures die after eating poisoned elephant carcasses", "Poachers' Poison Kills 530 Endangered Vultures in Botswana", "BOTSWANA: Over 500 vultures found dead after massive poisoning", "Facts About African Elephants - The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore", "Botswana: Lab tests to solve mystery of hundreds of dead elephants", "Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife", "Mysterious mass elephant die-off in Botswana was caused by cyanobacteria poisoning", "Nerve agent fear as hundreds of elephants perish mysteriously in Botswana", "Social structure and helping behavior in captive elephants", 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<447::aid-zoo12>3.0.co;2-#, images and movies of the African Bush Elephant, Clips from the BBC archive, news stories and sound files of the African Bush Elephant, People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform, "African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_bush_elephant&oldid=982915861, Species endangered by habitat fragmentation, Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 04:23. Older bulls are in musth for 2–5 months every year.
About 10,370 tusks were confiscated in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Kenya and Uganda between 2007 and 2013. [50] [37] Urinary testosterone increases during musth. Two or more family units that have close ties was termed a 'kinship group' by Iain Douglas-Hamilton who observed African bush elephants for 4.5 years in Lake Manyara National Park.
They attacked and fed on elephants when smaller prey species were scarce. [48] [64], Between 2003 and 2015, illegal killing of 14,606 African bush elephants was reported by rangers across 29 range countries. About 70% of its range is located outside protected areas.
In Mali and Namibia, it also inhabits desert areas. This disturbance leaves the elephants without a stable habitat and limits their ability to roam freely.
[28] It is threatened foremost by habitat destruction, and in parts of its range also by poaching for meat and ivory. The Asian elephants have convex or level back.
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